The present invention relates to a novel rapid mechanical-type high-voltage direct current breaker. The breaker comprises a main fracture branch, a commutation branch, an energy-absorbing branch and acommutation charging branch. The commutation branch, the energy-absorbing branch and the main fracture branch are connected in parallel, two ends of the parallel circuit are connected in series in adirect current transmission circuit, the commutation branch comprises a power trigger electronic switch and a pre-charging capacitor, the power trigger electronic switch is connected in series in thepre-charging capacitor and then is connected in the direct current transmission circuit, the commutation charging branch is connected in parallel with the pre-charging capacitor in the commutation branch to charge the pre-charging capacitor, the main fracture branch comprises a mechanical switch and a saturation resistor, and the mechanical switch and the saturation resistor are connected in series and are connected in the direct current circuit. A transient current flowing through the saturation resistor is small prior to open-circuit fault current zero crossing to allow the saturation resistor to be worked in an unsaturated area, and inductance value is large, a rate of descent of a fault current prior to zero crossing is reduced, the reliability of an opening circuit is increased, and the cost of a device is reduced.