The invention relates to a formula for preparing sprayed concrete through coal-to-oil residues. The sprayed concrete is prepared by mixing the following substances in parts by weight: 55 to 80 parts of coal-to-oil residues with the particle diameter being 0.1 to 10 mm, 15 to 35 parts of cement, 5 to 10 parts of water and 1 to 4 parts of composite additives. According to the preparation method, thecoal-to-oil residues are sieved through a filtering sieve; particles being greater than 10mm and particles being smaller than 0.1mm are sieved away; the coal-to-oil residues meeting the requirementsare obtained; the sieved residues, cement, water and additives are uniformly mixed according to the weight parts to obtain the sprayed concrete material provided by the invention. The formula and themethod for preparing the sprayed concrete through coal-to-oil residues have the advantages that the coal-to-oil residues are comprehensively utilized; the cyclic utilization of resources is realized;the energy-saving and emission reduction effects are obvious.