The invention discloses a method for identifying the anisotropic plasticity parameters of a plate based on single-cone indentation, used in the technical field of nondestructive testing and in-situ testing of anisotropic materials. The method comprises the following steps: establishing a numerical model for correlating the indentation response parameters and the plasticity parameters of an anisotropic material by using a dimensionless function; analyzing the material response of a single-cone indentation experiment to obtain the anisotropic plasticity parameters of a metal plate, and obtainingthe load-displacement relation curve of a test piece; testing the unloaded residual indentation morphology by a three-dimensional confocal microscopic device, and extracting the contact depth valuesof the residual indentation contour in two orthogonal directions of transverse and longitudinal lines of the tested material; and substituting the material response information extracted in the indentation experiment into the established dimensionless function model, and carrying out reverse calculation to obtain the anisotropic plastic parameters of the metal plate. The anisotropic plasticity mechanical parameters reversely calculated by the method are unique and have a high accuracy.