The invention provides an X-ray pulsar navigation sensor online adjusting device and method. the device comprises an X-ray pulsar navigation sensor, a collimator, an optical aligning mechanism, a charge coupling probe, a focal plane receiving screen, a two-axis rotating turntable, a sensor support and a computer. The method includes: preparing, adjusting an optical lens, mounting a preamplifier component, measuring light spots, adjusting the preamplifier component and fastening the preamplifier component. By the device and the method, adjusting accuracy, adjusting speed and adjusting yield ofthe X-ray pulsar navigation sensor can be improved, and performance of the X-ray pulsar navigation sensor can be improved; the device has the advantages of being easy to realize and high in universality, adjusting accuracy and adjusting efficiency.