The invention relates to the field of assembly error prevention for a production line in the manufacturing industry, and specifically relates to an assembly error prevention method and system for an assembly line based on a barcode recognition technology. Coded information of each component acquired at each station is enabled to be matched or recorded with information in a processor through setting component codes and arranging a scanning device and a display device at each station. The assembly error prevention method and system perform effective tracking management on the required components, prevent mistaken assembly and neglected assembly of the assembly personnel for the components, reduce pick-and-place operations caused by inaccurate recognition for the components to the maximum extent, and thus improve the production efficiency.