The invention discloses a device and a method for identifying the authenticity of a banknote based on a gravure printing pattern. The device comprises concave-convex detection devices arranged on thetwo sides of a conveying channel and used for detecting a gravure printing pattern printed on a banknote and configured to pass through the conveying channel; an information processing device used forobtaining the attribute information of the detected gravure printing pattern; and a judging and identifying device used for judging whether the detected gravure printing pattern is matched with a preset gravure printing pattern according to the pattern attribute information of the obtained gravure printing pattern. When the detected gravure printing pattern is matched with the preset gravure printing pattern, the banknote is judged to be authentic. Otherwise, the banknote is judged to be the counterfeit currency. By adopting the device and the method, the gravure printing pattern on the banknote can be conveniently and rapidly detected, so that the authenticity of the banknote can be detected.