The invention provides a pre-breakdown high-voltage switch-based fully-controlled current limiter. The pre-breakdown high-voltage switch-based fully-controlled current limiter comprises a current limitation branch, a current through branch and a lightning arrester branch which are connected in parallel, wherein the current limitation branch comprises a pre-breakdown high-voltage switch and a current limitation reactor which are connected in series, the current through branch comprises a plurality of full-bridge circuits which are connected in series, and the current through branch is used forbypassing the current limitation branch so as to transmit a load current when a power system normally runs and controlling the current limitation branch to be conducted so as to prevent a fault current when a fault occurs in the power system. Compared with the prior art, the pre-breakdown high-voltage switch-based fully-controlled current limiter provided by the invention has the advantages that an AC load current and a DC load current can be bidirectionally transmitted, a capacitor of the current through branch is charged by employing the fault current, so that the current limitation branch is conducted and the fault current is transferred to the current limitation branch from the current through branch for current limitation.