The present invention belongs to the civil engineering structural damage identification technology field, in particular relates to a statistical moment theory-based no-model rapid damage identification method. The statistical moment theory-based no-model rapid damage identification method comprises a step 1 of obtaining the theoretical various orders of acceleration-order statistical moments; a step 2 of analyzing the sensitive degrees of different statistical moments to the rigidity change to select the appropriate statistical moment damage identification indexes; a step 3 of utilizing the change of an acceleration eight-order moment to determine the structural damage. Compared with the prior art, the statistical moment theory-based no-model rapid damage identification method of the present invention is simple to calculate in the time domain, and has the higher identification precision.