The invention relates to a wireless rapid detection system and method for potential and temperature distribution of a lightning arrester, and belongs to the technical field of health state and voltagesharing detection before operation of the lightning arrester in the power industry; and the system and method can be used to rapidly detect the health and voltage-sharing conditions of the lightningarrester before operation. The system is composed of test probes, a wireless receiver and a far-end computer; a sheath of the lightning arrester is internally provided with valve blocks of the lightning arrester, each test probe is inserted between two valve blocks of the lightning arrester, so that distribution potential of the valve blocks in different heights can be tested; and the test probesare wirelessly connected with the wireless receiver, and the wireless receiver is connected with the far-end computer via a USB line. According to the system and method of the invention, debugging andmaintenance time can be shortened greatly, safe and stable operation of the lightning arrester is ensured, the personnel safety is guaranteed, the detection efficiency is improved, and the maintenance period of the system is shortened; and the accuracy of test data is improved, and the system and method are highly practical and targeted and have high application values.