The invention relates to the technical field of exhaust gas treatment, and in particular, relates to an environmentally friendly asphalt fume adsorption treatment device and method. The device comprises a box body which is provided with an air inlet and an air outlet; the device is characterized in that the box body is provided with a powder layer and a cloth bag filter layer in turn from the airinlet to the air outlet, and the powder layer includes a porous air permeable plate and a powder arranged on the top surface of the porous air permeable plate, and asphalt fume is adsorbed for the first time when passing through the powder after passing through the porous air permeable plate; the powder forms a powder protection layer on the cloth bag filter layer, and the asphalt fume is adsorbedfor the second time when passing through the cloth bag filter layer. The contact area of the powder in the boiling state with the asphalt fume is greater, and the adsorption efficiency of the powderis higher. The powder protection layer on a filter cloth bag is uniform and compact, and the replacement velocity is fast; the reutilization of the powder does not produce secondary pollution.