The invention provides a supercapacitor voltage detection system, which comprises voltage differential acquisition circuits, filtering processing circuits, AD acquisition circuits, control circuits, display circuits and an upper computer, wherein the voltage differential acquisition circuits are used for acquiring voltage at two ends of supercapacitors, and acquired voltage signals pass through the filtering processing circuits and then sent to corresponding pins of AD sampling chips; the control circuits read voltage conversion data of each channel in the AD chips in real time and display the acquired data through the display circuits; and the upper computer realizes communication with the control circuits in each group of modules by adopting an MODBUS-RTU communication protocol. The supercapacitor voltage detection system can accurately measure voltage values at two ends of each capacitor and accurately judge the operating state and charging and discharging characteristics of the capacitors; and the supercapacitor voltage detection system is simple in structure and convenient to install, improves the working efficiency of workers and enhances the reliability of a supercapacitorarray.