The invention discloses a method for installing a rail steel backing plate by a transplanting technique. The method comprises the following steps of a, checking the verticality of an embedded bolt, and aligning; b, erecting a centerline of a rail groove; c, manufacturing a transplanting plate; d, putting the transplanting plate at the top part of the embedded bolt, adjusting the centerline of thetransplanting plate, and aligning with the centerline of the rail groove along the vertical direction; e, marking the center point of the embedded bolt at the front surface of the transplanting plate;f, transferring the transplanting plate with the marked centerline of the embedded bolt to a rail steel backing plate, mutually overlapping, aligning and fixing; g, drilling a hole in the marked center point on the transplanting plate, and forming drilling trace on the rail steel backing plate; h, detaching the transplanting plate, and drilling a hole in the rail steel backing plate with the drilling trace; I, installing the drilled rail steel backing plate to the embedded bolt, and repeating the steps, until the installation of all rail steel backing plates of the whole rail is completed. The method has the advantages that the steel backing plates can be accurately and correctly installed to the embedded bolts, and the working efficiency is obviously improved.