The invention discloses a high-accuracy composite material structure damage monitoring method. A plurality of piezoelectric sensors are uniformly arranged in a tested composite material structure to form a piezoelectric sensor network. The multiple pressure sensors are selected in the sensor network and are used as impact monitoring pressure sensors. When the composite material structure under a test has an impact event, signal collectors synchronously collect the impact response signal of the impact monitoring piezoelectric sensor, according to the impact response signal, the impact monitoring is performed to obtain impact event parameters, the damage monitoring area is determined according to the impact event parameters, and according to the scope of the flaw detection area, the corresponding piezoelectric sensor is selected from the piezoelectric sensor network as the damage monitoring piezoelectric sensor and a corresponding scanning strategy is formulated. The method can only detect damage in the damage monitoring area associated with the impact event in the composite material structure, reduces the number of the acquired and processed Lamb wave sensing signals and effectivelyimproves the damage monitoring efficiency.