The present invention relates to a test device for studying the influence of sudden pressure drop. The test device comprises a release unit, a pressure control unit and a power source, wherein the power source is connected with the release unit and the pressure control unit, and the pressure control unit is connected with the release unit. The present invention also provides a test method for studying the influence of the sudden pressure drop. According to the test device and test method of the invention, the internal pressure of the device is adjusted through a solenoid valve; and the influence of sudden pressure drop on tested instruments and equipment in spaces of different heights can be simulated. When operating, the test device does not need a lubricant, so that the test device is widely applicable to various types of vacuum cans. The method of the invention is simple, suitable for tests under different pressures, and has a potential industrial application value.