The invention specifically provides an acoustic wave impedance inversion method and system for Q absorption attenuation compensation. Impedance inversion is one of the important methods for seismic oil and gas resource exploration. Stratum Q absorption attenuation and frequency dispersion factors are integrated to a convolution model and, through the method of iterative inversion, a high resolution impedance result is obtained directly through inversion from unsteady state seismic record data of absorption attenuation. The method avoids an error accumulation effect in a conventional recursiveprocess and the problem of numerical instability in a conventional inverse Q filtering method; namely, the Q value compensation technology of the invention is unconditionally stable and can compensatefor frequency components higher than those in the conventional technology, so that the resolution of seismic exploration data can be further improved.