The invention provides a preparation method of cage-like hollow porous-structure emulsion particle reinforced and toughened hydrophobic association hydrogel. The preparation method comprises a step ofpreparing cage-like hollow porous-structure emulsion particles and a step of preparing cage-like hollow porous-structure emulsion particle reinforced and toughened hydrogel. The prepared cage-like hollow porous-structure emulsion particle reinforced and toughened hydrogel is different from existing hydrophobic association hydrogel and macromolecular microsphere hydrogel. The cage-like hollow porous-structure emulsion particles have certain transparent pores so that a hydrogel polymer monomer penetrates the porous microspheres to basically obtain strong acting force between the porous microspheres and the hydrogel; moreover, the microporous microspheres have certain hardness. Therefore, the cage-like hollow porous-structure emulsion particle reinforced hydrogel is remarkably improved in strength and toughness. The average tensile strength is 1.0-1.5MPa, and the average elongation at break is 2,600-3,000%. The key technical problems in hydrogel reinforcing and toughening are solved, andthe application area of the hydrogel is expanded.