The invention relates to a method for extracting and removing nitrogen from fuel oil by use of polyethylene glycol and modified compounds thereof. According to the method, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol dicarboxylate, polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether and polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether are adopted as extraction agents; the active hydroxyl/carboxyl or O atoms included in the extraction agents are subjected to hydrogen-bond interaction with N atoms or N-H groups of organic nitride so as to efficiently remove the organic nitride from the fuel oil. The adopted extraction agents only contain such elements as C, H and O; new pollutants (organic sulfur, nitrogen and the like) are not introduced in the nitrogen removal process, meeting the requirements of green industry; moreover,the extraction agents are insoluble in the fuel oil, the physical property is stable that the extraction agents can be recycled; the nitrogen removal conditions are mild, high-temperature and high-pressure environment is not needed, the operation is easy, the required equipment is not complicated, and the cost is relatively low.