The invention provides amide and imide structure containing main chain type polybenzoxazine which is characterized by having a molecular formula in the following structure, described in the followingdescription. Main chain type polybenzoxazine resin prepared by the invention has better toughness, improves the weakness that a benzoxazine monomer has the brittleness and expands the application range of benzoxazine resin; by introducing the amide structure with strong polarity into a polymer main chain as a repeating unit, the crystallinity, the melting point and the strength of a polymer are greatly increased, and the resin has more excellent comprehensive properties; and by adopting a thermosetting treatment mode, the ring opening polymerization is performed on benzoxazine, the polymerization degree of the resin is further increased, and thus the benzoxazine resin with higher polymerization degree, more compactness and high performance is prepared.