The invention discloses a thermal power plant multi-target load optimal allocation method based on energy saving and environmental protection. The method comprises the following steps that S1, the coal consumption parameters and the environmental protection emission data of each unit are read, and a unit coal consumption environmental protection characteristic curve is established; S2, the total load instruction issued by a master scheduling station is received and the adjustable capacity limit of each unit is read; S3, an objective function is established through combination of the unit coalconsumption environmental protection characteristic curve, and the load optimization target of each adjustable unit is solved according to an equal consumption micro increasing rate algorithm; S4, existence of the unit of which the load optimization target exceeds the adjustable capacity limit of the unit is judged; and the optimal allocation result is outputted if the judgment result is no; and S5, the load optimization target of the unit exceeding the limit is corrected to be lower than the adjustable capacity limit of the unit if the judgment result is yes and then the process returns to the step S2. The objective of thermal power plant multi-target load optimal allocation based on energy saving and environmental protection can be realized.