The invention discloses a tower-based steel structure for transferring the component load and a mounting method of the tower-based steel structure. The tower-based steel structure comprises a frame column truss, a central connection beam, a supporting steel beam and a supporting platform. The frame column truss is arranged on a foundation, and the central connection beam is arranged in the centerof the frame column truss. The supporting steel beam is arranged on the central connection beam, and the supporting platform is arranged on the supporting steel beam. According to the tower-based steel structure and the mounting method, various connection beams and inlaid pieces are used, the strength of a tower foundation is improved, the stability of the tower foundation is improved, the tower foundation is safer, and the service life is longer.