A lithium battery cell winding device and method adopting a single roll of diaphragm for feeding are disclosed, the lithium battery cell winding device includes a large overturning disk; two roll pinsinstalled on the large overturning disk and located on upper and lower two working stations; and a diaphragm material storage mechanism. The diaphragm material storage mechanism is used to wind and store a first roll diaphragm passing through the roll pin on the upper working station, and the stored diaphragm is used as a second roll diaphragm to participate in the lithium battery cell winding process. The lithium battery cell winding device and method can adapt to the requirements of the new process arrangement and effectively improve the utilization efficiency of the diaphragm.