The invention discloses an automatic geological construction constraint chromatography inversion method. The method includes the following steps: extracting observation data; through the observation data, conducting back propagation in an initial speed model, carrying out prestack depth migration, and obtaining an initial migration profile; automatically extracting attributes of a stratigraphic texture from the initial migration profile; on the basis of the observation data, the initial speed model and the attributes of the stratigraphic texture, establishing a constraint chromatography equation set through ray tracking or through a sensitive kernel function; and carrying out iterative inversion to solve the speed update amount, updating the speed model, and then obtaining a final speed model after updating. The whole chromatography inversion iteration process is fully automatic and needs no human intervention, so the efficiency of an entire speed estimation process is increased, the human workload is reduced and the processing period is shortened. Underground geological inclination angles are introduced to constraint the speed model, so the speed model obtained through inversion is high in precision and satisfies requirements of subsequent migration imaging.