The invention discloses a vertical lathe worktable emergency braking device, and belongs to the technical field of machine tool equipment. The problem that as for an existing vertical lathe, when a machine tool suddenly loses power, a worktable and workpieces cannot quickly stop rotating is solved. According to the vertical lathe worktable emergency braking device, a braking disc is arranged at the outer edge of the bottom of a worktable; machine bodies are arranged on supports and connected with upper clamping plates and lower clamping plates through pin shafts; adjustable screw rods are arranged on the lower clamping plates; hydraulic cylinder bodies are arranged on the upper clamping plates and internally provided with piston rods; when not powered on, the piston rods move downwards tomake contact with the adjustable screw rods; and spiral springs are arranged in the positions, close to the machine bodies, of the upper clamping plates and the lower clamping plates in a connected mode. When the machine tool suddenly loses power, the worktable and the workpieces can quickly stop rotating, thus accidents such as lapping damage of worktable guide rails are prevented, the service life of the worktable is guaranteed, and the wide application space and prospects are achieved.