The embodiment of the invention relates to an air absorption dose rate measurement method based on pulse height spectrum. The method comprises the steps that a terminal device receives a first operation instruction; pulse height spectrum information and background spectrum information are acquired and analyzed, and fluence spectrum data and background fluence spectrum data are generated; the fluence spectrum data comprise track number data and first count data; the background fluence spectrum data comprise second count data; parameter information is acquired, and the parameter information comprises pulse height spectrum measurement time, background pulse height spectrum measurement time, energy slope data, energy slant range data and fluence spectrum dose conversion coefficients; energy data are acquired according to the energy slope data, the energy slant range data and the track number data; first count rate is acquired according to the first count data and the pulse height spectrummeasurement time; second count rate is acquired according to the second count data and the background pulse height spectrum measurement time; and according to the energy data, the first count rate, the second count rate and the fluence spectrum dose conversion coefficients, the air absorption dose rate is acquired.