A cellulose gel electrolyte material is prepared from natural cellulose wood pulp, paper pulp, bamboo pulp or degreased cotton, which are used as raw materials and react with sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide to synthesize a cellulose viscose solution, and a gel-based cellulose gel electrolyte material is formed through hydration treatment. The preparation method comprises the steps of reacting paper pulp (wood pulp, bamboo pulp or degreasing cotton) with sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide for 30-60 minute, preparing a tangerine viscose liquid, mixing the viscose liquid and deionized water according to the weight ratio of 1: 1-9, obtaining cellulose gel electrolyte material after gel curing, and preparing a composite cellulose gel electrolyte material if an acetonitrile solution ofpotassium ferrocyanide or potassium iodide and iodine is added. The method is simple, the product is easy to form, operation and control are simple and convenient, and industrial production is facilitated. The prepared cellulose gel electrolyte material is a porous gel polymer, has good liquid retention capability and ionic conductivity, and can be applied to a supercapacitor, a solar cell and a lithium battery.