The invention provides a new energy island overvoltage control method and a converter station pole control system. The method comprises the following steps: firstly judging whether the fault of an alternating current circuit in a new energy system is a three-phase short-circuit fault by the converter station pole control system; then when the fault of the alternating current circuit is the three-phase short-circuit fault, issuing a dropout voltage reference value to an outer ring power controller in the converter station pole control system by the converter station pole control system, so thatthe outer ring power controller and an inner ring current controller in the converter station pole control system are used for performing outer ring power control and inner ring current control respectively until the voltage and power of a point of common coupling are greater than a first voltage threshold value and a first power threshold value, and issuing a recovery voltage reference value tothe outer ring power controller by the converter station pole control system. The method is simple in process and easy to realize, the voltage output by a converter station port after the three-phaseshort-circuit fault is solved can be rapidly controlled below 1.0 pu, the voltage output by the converter station port after the system is stabilized is recovered to be 1.0 pu, and finally fault rid-through of a new energy unit is realized.