The invention discloses a short circuit calculation method for an underground high-voltage power grid on the basis of node coincidence and correlation matrices. According to the method, a network topology model of a mine high-voltage power supply system is constructed on the basis of node coincidence and the correlation matrices, topology identification of a power supply network of the mine high-voltage power supply system can be completed conveniently, and on the basis of topology identification, an automatic short circuit calculation function is achieved. The method includes the steps that 1, firstly, wire outlet switch nodes and the longitudinal primary power supply correlation matrix MG corresponding to the wire outlet switch nodes are calculated according to the correlation matrices A, B1, C, E and D; 2, then, on the basis of step 1, the power supply correlation matrix L and the correlation matrix FC of the wire outlet switch nodes and circuit nodes are calculated and obtained; 3,finally, automatic short circuit calculation of the mine high-voltage power supply system is completed according to the correlation matrix L and the correlation matrix FC.