The invention discloses a precise neutron energy spectrum regulation and control method based on a discretize space energy spectrum response matrix. The method comprises the steps that firstly a neutron regulation and control response matrix library is established, when particular regulation and control are carried out, a regulation and control module arrangement scheme is determined according toa regulation and control target, a neutron energy spectrum distribution situation under the scheme is quickly obtained based on the response matrix library, the neutron energy spectrum distribution situation is compared with a regulation and control target, and target energy spectrum distribution is obtained by adjusting the regulation and control module arrangement scheme; transportation calculation is carried out to obtain precise energy spectrum distribution, the precise energy spectrum distribution is compared with the regulation and control target, if the difference is larger, iterative design is carried out again until the difference between the precise energy spectrum distribution of the transportation calculation and the regulation and control target is less than a preset value, and the regulation and control scheme needed by the target neutron energy spectrum is obtained. The precise neutron energy spectrum regulation and control method based on the discretize space energy spectrum response matrix has the advantages that the problem that the neutron energy spectrum needed by the engineering and experiments cannot be precisely established by adopting a traditional regulation and control method depending on artificial experience to repeatedly perform iteration for testing faults is solved, the efficient precise customization of the neutron energy spectrum is achieved, and the advanced nuclear energy system research and development and nuclear technology intercrossed application research are promoted.