The invention discloses an aluminum oxide particle and crystal whisker co-enhanced copper-based composite material. The aluminum oxide particle and crystal whisker co-enhanced copper-based composite material is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 1 to 4 percent of aluminum oxide, 5 to 10 percent of graphite powder, 2 to 10 percent of nickel, 2 to 7 percent of iron, 2 to10 percent of tin, 2 to 6 percent of bismuth, 1 to 5 percent of zirconium oxide, 0 to 0.5 percent of lanthanum and the balance of copper; the aluminum oxide is prepared from aluminum oxide particlesand modified aluminum oxide crystal whiskers; the modified aluminum oxide crystal whiskers are aluminum oxide crystal whiskers obtained by putting the aluminum oxide crystal whiskers into a sodium lauryl sulfate water solution and treating. In the copper-based composite material disclosed by the invention, the aluminum oxide crystal whiskers have relatively good dispersion performance and low impurity content; the aluminum oxide crystal whiskers and the aluminum oxide particles commonly have an enhancement effect and are cooperatively matched with various additional element components, so thatthe mechanical performance and wear-resisting and abrasion-resisting performance of the copper-based composite material are remarkably improved; meanwhile, the copper-based composite material has excellent strength and impact resistance. The invention further discloses a preparation method of the aluminum oxide particle and crystal whisker co-enhanced copper-based composite material. The method has a simple technology and the copper-based composite material is easy to produce and has a wide application prospect in the field of materials with requirements on high strength, high heat conductionperformance and high wear resistance.