The invention provides a frequency-change viscoelastic fluid factor pre-stack seismic inversion method, and the method comprises the steps: 1, constructing a viscoelastic medium reflection feature equation and analyzing the reasonability of the equation; 2. carrying out the multiscale decomposition of seismic data; 3, implementing the frequency-change elastic impedance inversion method for a seismic reflection record at each scale or frequency; 4, determining a frequency-change weighting coefficient and extracting a frequency-change viscoelastic fluid factor based on the above; 5, predicting the distribution state of the fluid based on the frequency-change viscoelastic fluid factor. The method provided by the invention achieves the reservoir fluid recognition based on the frequency-changeviscoelastic fluid factor pre-stack seismic inversion through combining with the research of the physical analysis of a target rock, reduces the multiplicity of fluid detection solutions, and eliminates the recognition illusion appearing when only amplitude is considered for fluid detection.