The invention provides quick setting type rigid repair mortar prepared from industrial byproducts such as coal ash, mineral powder and tailing fine sand as well as a preparation method of quick setting type rigid repair mortar. The coal ash and mineral powder-based geopolymer quick setting type rigid repair mortar consists of a solid component material and a liquid component liquid; the solid component material is formed by combining the coal ash, the mineral powder, the tailing fine sand and a chemical additive according to a certain proportion; the liquid component material is formed by mixing a sodium hydroxide solution with a certain concentration, waster glass and water according to a certain proportion; and the solid component material and the liquid component material are stirred completely and uniformly according to a certain proportion, and the quick setting type rigid repair mortar can be used. The coal ash and mineral powder-based geopolymer quick setting type rigid repair mortar prepared by the method has excellent performance and completely meets each perform index requirement of JC/T 2381-2016. The main raw materials of the coal ash and mineral powder-based geopolymerquick setting type rigid repair mortar are industrial byproducts such as the coal ash, the mineral powder and the tailing fine powder and belong to environment-friendly materials.