The invention discloses quick temperature increase apparatus and method used for metal tube explosion test. The quick temperature increase apparatus includes: a housing, in which a heating chamber accommodating a metal tube and a release chamber, that supplies explosion space to the metal tube, are disposed; an electrode assembly, which passes through the heating chamber and is connected with themetal tube, thus forming a short-circuit heating loop that quickly heats the metal tube; a heating unit, which is disposed around the housing and slowly heats the heating chamber. The apparatus can simulate environmental temperature, such as a work situation that temperature of a fuel rod in a nuclear reactor is acutely increased during RIA accident, under accident of the metal tube, wherein the metal tube is firstly heated to a preset temperature and internal pressure and then is subjected to quick temperature increase until the metal tube is broken, thus researching the performance of different metal materials in the RIA accident, and further identifying and selecting proper nuclear fuel cladding materials. The apparatus and method can increase the fault-tolerant capability of nuclear fuel in accidents, and improve the resistance of a nuclear power plant against serious accident situations.