The invention discloses a distributed energy supply system equipment configuration and operation optimization design method, which comprises the following steps: S1: designing a multi-energy flow distributed energy supply system containing photovoltaic power generation, wind power generation, a hydrogen fuel battery and an electrothermal hydrogen energy storage device; S2: proposing an optimal design goal of equipment configuration and operation of the distributed energy supply system; S3: based on the optimal design goal proposed in the step S2, carrying out the optimal design of the equipment configuration and operation of the distributed energy supply system. The distributed energy supply system equipment configuration and operation optimization design method in the invention introducesthe hydrogen energy flow into the energy supply system, and carries out hydrogen generation by electrolysis of water on the excess electric power of wind, light and electricity and uses a hydrogen storage tank to store hydrogen, and uses a fuel cell to generate electricity for supplying electricity and heat for the load when the terminal is large in load demand; at the same time, comprehensive optimization is proposed to carry out on equipment configuration and operation of the system from four aspects of technical goals, economic goals, environmental goals and social benefit goals, so that the system can have optimal configuration and optimal operation mode.