The invention discloses a rapid agricultural mulching film covering device. The rapid agricultural mulching film covering device comprises a horizontally arranged moving mounting plate, wherein pulling mounting rings are arranged at the left end and the right end of the moving mounting plate through horizontally stretched supporting mounting plates; guiding, lifting and shifting structures are vertically arranged on the supporting mounting plates; a conveying mounting groove is forwardly formed in the middle position of the moving mounting plate; the supporting mounting plates are symmetrically arranged on the moving mounting plate on the two sides of the conveying mounting groove; a rotating fixing barrel is horizontally connected to the upper ends of the supporting mounting plates; a mulching film discharging roller is rotationally mounted on the rotating fixing barrel; a rotating conveying structure is longitudinally arranged inside the conveying mounting groove; each guiding, lifting and shifting structure comprises a lifting stud vertically arranged on the supporting mounting plate in a run-through manner. The rapid agricultural mulching film covering device has the advantagesof a compact structural design, an adjustable structure, strong adaptability, softening through hot air heating, good film covering quality, significant improvement on the efficiency and the like.