The invention relates to the technical field of edible fungus production equipment, in particular to an edible fungus bag cultivation system and method. The system comprises a hair fungus chamber, a fruiting chamber, a chain plate conveyor, a fruiting chamber chain plate conveyor, a single-direction puncture device, a multi-direction puncture device, a first weighing device, a transfer device, a second weighing device and a water injection device; the chain plate conveyor, the single-direction puncture device, the multi-direction puncture device and the first weighing device are arranged inside the hair fungus chamber, and the chain plate conveyor forms a conveying closed ring; the fruiting chamber chain plate conveyor, the second weighing device and the water injection device are arrangedinside the fruiting chamber, and the fruiting chamber chain plate conveyor forms a conveying closed ring; the hairy fungus chamber is connected with the fruiting chamber through the transfer device.The automatic degree for mushroom bag cultivation can be increased, the labor intensity of workers is lowered, the production efficiency is improved, the yield is increased, and living contaminants orbacteria stick damage is avoided.