The invention relates to a silicon carbide/resin bionic composite material with a directional microstructure, and a preparation method thereof. The composite material is prepared from silicon carbideof which the volume fraction is 10-95%, and resin, and microscopically has the directional microstructure so as to be shown in a way that silicon carbide is directionally arranged in a resin matrix. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing water base slurry which contains silicon carbide powder; then, through freezing casting and vacuum freezing drying, obtaining ablank with a directional porous structure; carrying out compressing on the blank, removing organic matters, and sintering to obtain the directional porous skeleton of silicon carbide; carrying out surface modification and liquid resin monomer impregnation on the skeleton, and obtaining the silicon carbide/ resin bionic composite material with the directional microstructure after resin aggregationis carried out. The composite material has excellent performances of light weight, high strength, abrasion resistance and the like, the plasticity, the toughness and the impact resistance of the composite material are obviously improved than that of silicon carbide, and therefore, the silicon carbide/ resin bionic composite material is expected to serve as a structural material to be used in fields including armor protection, transportation, electronic products and the like.