The invention discloses an explosion-proof composite structure with a high-damping rubber interlayer. The explosion-proof composite structure comprises a face plate, a back plate, high-damping rubber,a skeleton beam, a fiberglass cloth and fixing bolts. Compared with the prior art, the high-damping rubber serves as a buffer energy absorption layer to be applied to the explosion-proof structure, and thus the explosion-proof composite structure has the following advantages that 1, compared with ordinary rubber materials, the high-damping rubber material has good damping performance and high energy absorption capacity; and 2, compared with other buffer energy absorption materials such as foamed aluminum, the high-damping rubber has the characteristics of low cost, high durability, convenientconstruction and the like, deformation of the explosion-proof structure can be effectively controlled, damage to the explosion-proof structure is delayed, and the repetitive strike resistance capability is high. In addition, the fiberglass cloth is applied to the explosion-proof composite structure with the high-damping rubber interlayer, the advantage of high tensile strength of fiberglass can be fully utilized, and the anti-deformation and overall anti-explosion capability of the explosion-proof composite structure is effectively improved.