The invention provides an efficient fiber filter operation system and a control method. The method comprises the following steps: 1, when an efficient fiber filter is at a normal operation state, monitoring pressure difference between a water inlet pipe and a water outlet pipe; or monitoring the duration of the normal operation state; 2, when the normal operation state reaches pre-set time or thepressure difference between the water inlet pipe and the water outlet pipe reaches a first pre-set value, enabling the efficient fiber filter to enter an operation state of repeatedly alternating between a gas-washing state and a gas and water mixing and backwashing state; 3, when the number of times of repeatedly alternating between the gas-washing state and the gas and water mixing and backwashing state reaches a pre-set number of times, entering a water-washing state; 4, after the water-washing state is finished, entering a direct washing preparation state; 5, after the direct washing preparation state is finished, entering a direct washing state; 6, after the direct washing state is finished, entering a normal operation state and returning back to step 1. The efficient fiber filter operation system and the control method have the advantages that the backwashing effect is complete and the dirt blocking of filtering materials is effectively removed.