The invention belongs to the technical field of test mechanics, and relates to a test device for rapid penetration of a magnetic component into granular material. The device comprises an object placing platform, a support structure, an acceleration speed measuring structure, a catheter clamping and adjusting structure and a test piece clamping structure. The support structure is arranged on the object placing platform. The catheter clamping and adjusting structure is fixed on the support structure for fixing the catheter. The test piece clamping structure is fixed on the upper part of the support structure. The acceleration speed measuring structure is composed of a photoelectric switch, a solenoid, a power storage device and a speed measuring photoelectric gate. The test piece clamping structure is use for clamping the magnetic test piece. After the switch is triggered, the magnetic test piece is released, the solenoid is energized by shielding the photoelectric switch, the magnetic test piece is accelerated to the target speed to pass through the timer photoelectric gate, the time is read by the timer and the final speed of the magnetic test piece is calculated. The whole test device is high in speed, stable in acceleration and convenient to construct so as to provide the precondition for completing the rapid penetration test.