Embodiments of the invention provide a near-surface Q migration method and device. The method comprises the following steps of determining a reference surface according to pre-stack seismic data, andestablishing an upper migration velocity field and a lower migration velocity field of the reference surface; determining a target imaging line which is estimated by a near-surface Q value according to the migration velocity fields; computing a constant Q scanning imaging gather compensated by a constant near-surface Q of a target detection point of a target work area according to the target imaging line; computing some of near-surface equivalent Q values at the position of the corresponding target detection point according to the constant Q scanning imaging gather; establishing a near-surfaceequivalent Q value field of the target work area according to some of the near-surface equivalent Q values and a near-surface equivalent velocity field; computing a migration imaging gather corresponding to each imaging point of the target work area after compensation of near-surface absorption attenuation according to the near-surface equivalent velocity field and the near-surface equivalent Q value field; and overlapping the migration imaging gathers to form a migration image section of the target work area.