The invention discloses a wireless communication method and system based on a time domain programmable metamaterial. The method comprises the following steps: translating and interpreting user data information into bit stream information by a transmitting terminal, mapping into a set of one group of constellation points, wherein each constellation point corresponds to one control symbol of the metamaterial respectively, and encoding one group of corresponding amplitudes and phases, thus an amplitude modulation time domain control sequence and a phase modulation time domain control sequence areproduced respectively after the encoding; taking a monophonic carrier signal at a preset frequency as an incident wave and sending to the surface of the metamaterial, and controlling the metamaterialaccording to the time domain control sequence, so that a self surface reflection coefficient is changed and a modulated radio frequency signal carrying user data is reflected; and performing orthogonal demodulation on the modulated radio frequency signal by a receiving terminal, performing down-conversion and transferring the demodulated radio frequency signal to a base band, after signals in twoways, namely I and Q, are produced, estimating and detecting FSK signal frequency spectrum, and restoring the original bit stream information. The method disclosed by the invention greatly reduces alinear region requirement of a bandwidth signal on a power amplifier, has the characteristic of high bandwidth and can be applicable to modulation and transmission of a broadband signal.