The invention discloses a self-adjusting pipeline pressure system and a pulse dust collector. The pulse dust collector comprises a shell and a control device, wherein an air inlet pipe and an air outlet pipe are arranged on the shell; the interior of shell is divided into a lower chamber, a middle chamber and an upper chamber; the lower chamber is arranged in a funnel shape; dust detectors are symmetrically distributed in the middle chamber and are in bolted connection with the inner wall of the shell; a spray pipe penetrating through the shell is arranged in the upper chamber and fixedly connected with the shell; a pulse solenoid valve is arranged at the left side of the spray pipe and communicated with the spray pipe and is in bolted connection with the shell; and venturi tubes are distributed below the spray pipe at an equal interval. Through the self-adjusting pipeline pressure system and the pulse dust collector, the spraying pressure can be automatically adjusted according to thedust content of a filter screen.