Disclosed is a sediment core-boring drilling process suitable for a submarine rope core-boring drill, which comprises the following steps: 1) drilling down; 2) pure press-in suction core-boring drilling; 3) single-action rotary press-in suction core-boring drilling; 4) coring; 5) salvaging a core inner tube; 6) sweeping a hole; 7) punching before adding a rod; 8) placing the core tube down; 9) adding and connecting a drill rod; 10) punching after adding the rod; 11) repeating steps 2)-10) until the core is drilled to a given hole depth; 12) recovering the drill rod and a rope core-boring outer pipe drilling tool; and 13) recovering a submarine rope core-boring drill. The described drilling process is suitable for drilling and core-boring conditions of seabed sediment mud-free lubrication and wall protection. Moreover, the process has the advantages of low disturbance and a high core-boring rate, which may be better applicable for remote-controlled operation modes.