The embodiment of the invention discloses an occultation exploration system and method suitable for an aerostat. The occultation exploration system comprises a positioning antenna, an occultation receiving antenna, a radio frequency processing device and an occultation processing device; the radio frequency processing device is used for acquiring GNSS (global navigation satellite system) signals received by the positioning antenna and the occultation receiving antenna, and performing intermediate frequency processing on the GNSS signals, thereby obtaining a digital intermediate frequency signal; the occultation processing device comprises a SOC (system on chip); a FPGA (field programmable gate array) is used for obtaining original measurement data according to the digital intermediate frequency signal, and inputting the original measurement data into an ARM; the ARM is used for obtaining an occultation exploration result according to the original measurement data. By adopting the high-performance SOC chip and FPGA+ARM architecture loaded thereon, the exploration system miniaturization, high integration, standardization and low-cost design are realized, and the system is suitable for the aerostats in multiple volumes, and the space resource utilization rate is improved.