The invention discloses a bottle opening device of an ampoule bottle for medical treatment. The bottle opening device comprises a sleeve pipe; an annular groove is formed in the inner side wall at thelower end of the sleeve pipe, four cutting mechanisms are arranged inside the sleeve pipe, each cutting mechanism is connected to a pressing rod, and the outer ends of the pressing rods extend out ofthe sleeve pipe; sliding holes are formed in the sleeve pipe, the outer part of the sleeve pipe located above the pressing rods can be provided with sliding sleeves capable of sliding up and down ina sleeve mode, and four guide columns are arranged on the side walls of the sliding sleeves in a penetrating mode; an inclined groove is formed in the side wall of the sleeve pipe, the outer part of the sleeve pipe located above the sliding sleeves are in threaded connection with a pressing ring, and steel balls are embedded between the pressing rods and the sliding sleeves; first annular convex edges are arranged on the outer side wall of the lower end of the sleeve pipe, and the outer part of the sleeve pipe located between the pressing rods and the first annular convex edges are provided with first springs in a sleeve mode; and second annular convex edges are arranged on the outer side walls of the sliding sleeves, and a breaking mechanism used for breaking a head of the ampoule bottleis arranged at the upper end of the sleeve pipe. According to the bottle opening device, the ampoule bottle can be conveniently opened, and the phenomenon that hands of doctors are scratched can be effectively avoided.