The invention provides a cylindrical gear pair meshing impact test stand and test method. The cylindrical gear pair meshing impact test stand comprises a base, a tested gear support for installing thetested gear, an upper pressure head, a lower pressure head and a pressure head adjusting support. The pressure head adjusting support is provided with a vertically extending sleeve, and an impact block is arranged in the sleeve. The upper pressure head is positioned in the sleeve and below the impact block. During the test, the impact block drops down from the upper part of the sleeve and impactsthe upper pressure head through the sleeve so as to simulate the meshing impact effect of the gear. Besides, the height of the impact block can be changed by cooperation of the adjusting groove and the fixing plate so as to adjust the required meshing impact force. Meanwhile, the test stand is simple in construction, compact in structure and small in space occupation. The structure of the test stand is mechanical so as to save money and shorten the equipment purchasing cycle.