The invention discloses a fish-vegetable symbiosis system of rhizome and leafy vegetables. The system comprises an aquaculture pond, a plurality of tilling units arranged above the aquaculture pond, afilter device and a nutrient solution supply device, wherein the filter device is connected with the aquaculture pond through a first duct and a first pump, and comprises a second duct and a third duct, the nutrient solution supply device is connected with the tilling units through a fourth duct and a second pump, and is connected with the filter device through the third duct; each tilling unit comprises a hollow tube body with a plurality of through holes formed in the upper part of the hollow tube body at equal intervals, two tube sealing covers and tilling containers, the outer edges of the tube sealing covers are connected with the fourth duct, a plurality of water flow inlet-outlet holes are formed in the bottom surface of each tilling container, and a three-dimensional structure with vertically overlapped connection is formed by the tilling units and the aquaculture pond; and the hollow tube bodies of the tilling units are supplied with a nutrient solution by the nutrient solution supply device through the fourth duct and the second pump in a tidal intermittent mode, and rhizome vegetables can be planted through combination of the nutrient solution with culture soil contained in the tilling containers.