The invention discloses layered periodic pore structure aluminum or aluminum alloy foam and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the field of multipore metal materials. The preparation methodcomprises the following steps that polyurethane foam is impregnated in water-soluble polyurethane emulsion to adjust the pore diameter and porosity; the large pore layer polyurethane foam and the small pore layer polyurethane foam after impregnation are alternately combined to obtain the layered periodic pore structure polyurethane foam; gypsum paste is added into the layered periodic pore structure polyurethane foam, and a precursor is obtained by drying and roasting; and the precursor is subjected to pre-heating, seepage and water solution to remove gypsum to obtain the layered periodic porestructure aluminum or aluminum alloy foam. The preparation method overcomes the difficulties of seepage precursor system preparation and pore structure control in preparation of layered periodic aluminum or aluminum alloy foam by a seepage casting method, and solves the problem of high porosity of commercially available polyurethane foam. The layered periodic pore structure of the aluminum or aluminum alloy foam can be controlled, diversified layered periodic pore structure collocation is achieved, the preparation technology is simple, and commercial process can be achieved.