The embodiment of the invention provides a CPK-based VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) communication processing method, a terminal, a server and a storage medium, belongs to the technical field of network communication securities, and solves the problem that the safety of user information cannot be effectively guaranteed in VoIP communication in the prior art. The method comprises the followingsteps: sending an authentication request containing a terminal identifier to the server by the terminal; when receiving a first random number sent by the server, digitally signing the first random number by using a private key of the terminal, and sending obtained signature information to the server, so that the server verifies whether the terminal is allowed to access the server according to thesignature information; and when an authentication success message sent by the server is received, generating a second random number by the terminal, and obtaining a session key that the terminal communicates with other terminals according to the second random number. The embodiment of the invention is applicable to the encryption protection of terminal identity authentication and a communication data transmission processes.