The invention relates to a short-process smelting reduction type iron-making system and a method, and belongs to the technical field of iron-making. The system comprises a coal powder preparation device, an iron ore powder preparation device, an iron ore powder direct reduction and powder coke preparation device and a gas-solid separation device; the iron ore powder direct reduction and powder coke preparation device is of a U-shaped structure with a communicating bottom, the two sides of the iron ore powder direct reduction and powder coke preparation device serve a low-temperature reductionsection and a high-temperature reduction section correspondingly, the bottom of the iron ore powder direct reduction and powder coke preparation device serves a smelting reduction section, molten ironis obtained at the bottom of the smelting reduction section, the coal powder preparation device and the iron ore powder preparation device are connected with the middle lower portion and the bottom of the low-temperature reduction section correspondingly, the low-temperature reduction section is connected with the gas-solid separation device, and the gas-solid separation device is connected witha top combustion device and the middle of the high-temperature reduction section correspondingly. Through three-stage iron ore powder reduction, the reducibility characteristics of different components of the coal powder are fully utilized, then the multi-stage reduction of the coal powder and the iron ore powder is realized, the comprehensive efficient clean utilization of the coal and the iron ore are finally realized, and the short-process iron-making process is completed on the basis that the separate full utilization of the coal powder is realized.